「循環經濟」的導入，成為永續城市發展的基礎
營建產業之循環經濟範疇（圖片來源：《營建循環經濟：廢棄資源回收再利用冷飯熱炒？》2018 年）
（一）營建產業全生命週期「循環經濟」導入
若將營建成果視為產品，並以全生命週期評估概念導入至營建產業進行資源利用檢視，可發現各階段皆需耗費大量資源，於傳統經濟上即為「大量生產、大量消費、大量廢棄」之經濟模式，若於營建成果導入循環經濟，則可將資源最大化、廢棄物最小化，並可透過法規及相關標準認證（如：BS8001循環經濟標準）建立營建產業健全的循環經濟生態，導入循環經濟之商業活動為方法之一，從設計規劃、施工營造、維護更新及拆除階段導入相關模式，可形成一循環經濟迴圈，以符合於《營建循環經濟：廢棄資源回收再利用冷飯熱炒？》一文分析說明。其文章內指出營建產業循環經濟方式為透過有效率的利用資源，並優化使用方式，在範疇上則以共享營建、資源效率、營建成果延壽、閒置工程或設施活化利用、再利用廢棄物資源為主，其亦提出在各營造階段之重點，而非僅以營建廢棄資源再利用而已，於營建產業的導入重點整理如下，政府單位可先於社會住宅中建立相關制度，以推廣、實踐永續城市發展之願景。
1. 於興建（含設計規劃）階段導入3R中reduce的概念：規劃有效的資源利用、有效率的能源使用，以追求資源效率（resource efficiency）。
2. 於使用階段導入3R中reuse的概念：透過妥善維修、活用再使用、共享使用等方式，延長營建設施使用年限，即追求工程延壽（server life extension），其部分較接近。
3. 於拆除重建階段導入3R中recycle的概念：營建產業產生的的營建廢棄物（如於施工多餘之材料、拆除之混凝土或磚瓦）與其他工業產生的廢棄物（如煉鋼爐碴、燃煤飛灰等）回收再利用於新建工程用途。
（二）只租不賣、營運維護是重點，循環經濟是解方
循環經濟之五大原則，分別為「產品材料的重新設計」、「擁有權移轉的創新商業模式」、「內循環的力量創造最高價值」、「廢棄物資源化」、「產業共生」，以上五大概念皆可導入營建產業中，其說明如下：
1. 產品材料的重新設計
設計為實現現有產品循環的第一步，若在產品或營建成果設計的時候設計出模組化、易維修、耐用之產品／營建成果，並提供可回收、可再生、可回收、可生物分解的資源，並建立相當的回收系統，可實現新執行的市場及商業模式。
2. 擁有權移轉的創新商業模式
對於消費者來說，無論是住宅還是家具，皆是使用其商品的功能，而不是購 買其販售之商品，循環經濟是提供 相關產品與服務整合的創新商業模式的良好場域，讓營建單位（業主）可不用販售方式提供服務，導入租賃廠商，以掌握更多掌控權、服務需要的民眾，減少維護煩惱，推廣回收被使用的商品， 讓商品或住宅皆可重新再被利用， 使其具有彈性、客製化的租任模式，推廣共享機制，使其逐漸融入生活中。
3. 內循環的力量創造最高價值
於循環經濟系統裡的產品或營建成果，相關資源及價值應確保為最大的，能夠循環再生、不斷被利用，故無論是營建成果設計、產品設計，皆須盡力維持 其最高價值，並可透過維護、升級、再製造以及再行銷等方式來維持經濟效能，用少許資源，最大化其價值。
4. 廢棄物資源化
將廢棄物轉為資源使用，將一個產品或營建成果之生命週期終點，將其隱含的資源或原價價值還原，使原本的廢棄物內夠創新升級回收再利用，轉換為資源或重新看待降級為回收副產品，短期內可省下營建廢棄物或事業廢棄物處理成本，更創新新收入來源，長期來說能夠幫助社會住宅其相關家具設備租賃產業節省原物料成本，以減少廢棄物及相關污染排放。
5. 產業共生
將建案裡不同產業聚集在一起，透過物質、能源、水或是副產品的交換共用基礎設施達成彼此的競爭優勢，降低對生態的衝擊，減少處理廢棄物及生產產品的成本。而參考各國內外循環經濟於建築之推動情形，就青灣山城VILLA國際競圖導入循環經濟之初步考量項目包含於循環經濟源起設計中以租代售、循環建材、共享創新、彈性模組、優化系統及資源再利用，並將其設計原則及概念於青灣Villa執行項目中實現，如模組化輕隔間、節能 LED 燈具、雨水回收系統導入、大樓智慧監控系統、家具、家電出租模式導入。
（三）「循環經濟」的實現為永續城市發展基礎
循環經濟融入綠建築及智慧建築概念，並導入建築物設計及執行架構為目前趨勢。透過於建築設計階段導入循環3R概念（reduce、reuse、recycle）、導入五大循環經濟模式（產品材料的重新設計、擁有權移轉的創新商業模式、內循環的力量創造最高價值、廢棄物資源化、產業共生），同時在生產面、生態面及生活面上和ReSOLVE六大模式（「再生」（Regenerate）、分享」（Share）、「最佳化」（Optimise） 、「封閉循環迴圈」（Loop）、「虛擬化／電子化」（Virtualise）、替代（Exchange））相互連結，整體循環經濟規劃於六大模式中導入循環經濟執行項目，其可賦予住宅資源循環再生及效能利用的價值提升，並實現永續發展、業界推廣及永續城市之目標。
（文：呂良正｜臺灣營建硏究院 院長、台灣循環經濟學會 理事長
黃正翰｜臺灣營建硏究院資訊科技組 組長／營建管理
博士謝禎謙｜臺灣營建硏究院資訊科技組 專案副理）
參考文獻
1. 邱暉仁、黃正翰，歐盟建材銀行計畫應用於南港公宅可行性，營建知訊 435期，2019 年。
2. 桃園市蘆竹區 A10 站新建社會住宅委託專案管理（含監造）技術服務案，社會住宅循環經濟發展政策與財務評估分析及建議，期末報告，2021 年。
3. 黃榮堯，營建循環經濟：廢棄資源回收再利用冷飯熱炒？營建知訊 436 期，2018 年。
4. 詹丞立、黃正翰、邱暉仁，建築建材護照的建立—以花博荷蘭館為例，營建知訊 435 期，2019 年。
5. Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute（2020）. CRADLE TO CRADLE CERTIFIED.
6. Ellen MacArthur Foundation（2015）.Circularity Indicators: An Approach to Measuring Circularity- methodology.
7. Zhi Cao（2020）.The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle.
_
The Introduction of the “Circular Economy” Is the Basis for Sustainable Urban Development
Liang-Cheng Lui, President of the Taiwan Construction Research Institute and President of the Taiwan Society for Circular Economy
Cheng-Han Huang, Head of the Taiwan Construction Research Institute/Construction Management IT Team
Dr. Chen-Chian Hsieh, Deputy Project Manager of the Taiwan Construction Research Institute, Information Technology Group
(1) Introduction of the “Circular Economy” in the Full Life Cycle of the Construction Industry
If construction results are regarded as a product, and the concept of a full life cycle assessment is introduced into the construction industry for a resource utilization inspection, it can be found that each stage requires multitudes of resources. In the traditional economy, it is an economic model of “mass production, mass consumption and mass waste.” If construction results are introduced into the circular economy, then resources can be maximized and waste minimized, and a sound circular economy ecology for the construction industry can be established through laws and regulations and the certification of relevant standards (such as the BS8001 Circular Economy Standard); one of the methods is to introduce the commercial activities of a circular economy. Relevant modes can be introduced from the design and planning, construction, maintenance, renewal, and demolition stages to form a circular economy cycle that complies with the analysis and description of the article, “Construction Circular Economy: the Same Old Issue of Recycling Waste Resources?” In this article, it is pointed out that the circular economy mode for the construction industry is based on using resources efficiently and optimizing the mode of use. In terms of scope, it focuses on construction sharing, resource efficiency, extended life of construction achievements, activation and utilization of idle projects or facilities, and the recycling of waste resources. It also puts forward the key points in each construction stage, rather than just the recycling of construction waste resources. The key points for the introduction to the construction industry are summarized as follows, and government units may first establish relevant systems in social housing to promote and practice the vision of sustainable urban development.
1. Introducing the concept of reduction from the 3R’s into the construction (including the design and planning) phase: Planning effective resource utilization and efficient energy use to pursue resource efficiency.
2. Introducing the concept of reuse from the 3R’s into the use phase: Extend the service life of construction facilities through proper maintenance, flexible reuse and shared use, which is similar in some aspects to the pursuit of server life extension.
3. Introducing the concept of recycling from the 3R’s in the demolition and reconstruction phase: Recycle and reuse construction waste generated in the construction industry (such as redundant materials in construction and demolished concrete or bricks) and other industrial waste (such as steel furnace slag and coal-fired fly ash) for new construction projects.
Circular economy scope of the construction industry
(Source: “Construction Circling Economy: the Same Old Issue of Recycling Waste Resources?” 2018)
(2) Rent only and no sale, with operation and maintenance as the keys and circular economy as the solution
The five principles of the circular economy are respectively “redesign of product materials,” “innovative business model with ownership transfer,” “creating the highest value through internal recycling forces,” “waste recycling,” and “industrial symbiosis.” These five concepts can be introduced into the construction industry, as explained below:
1. Redesign of product materials
Design is the first step to realizing the existing product cycle. The newly implemented market and business model can be realized if modular, easy-to-maintain and durable products/construction achievements are designed during the design of products or construction achievements, recyclable,[U1] renewable, and biodegradable resources are provided, and an appropriate recycling system is established.
2. Innovative business model with ownership transfer
For consumers, both houses and furniture are used for their product functions rather than just as products themselves. The circular economy is a good field for innovative business models that provide the integration of related products and services, which allows construction units (owners) to provide services without selling, and introduces rental manufacturers in order to have more control and serve people who have the need, reduces maintenance worries, and promotes the recycling of used goods so that goods or houses can be reused, allowing them to have a flexible and customized rental model, in order to promote the sharing mechanism and gradually integration into life.
3. Creating the highest value through internal recycling forces
For the products or construction achievements in the circular economy system, the relevant resources and values should be the maximum, which can be recycled and continuously used. Therefore, no matter whether it is a design of construction achievements or products, we must try to maintain the highest value, and maintain economic efficiency through maintenance, upgrading, re-manufacturing and re-marketing so as to maximize the value with a small number of resources.
4. Waste recycling
By converting waste into a resource, restoring the implied resource or original value of a product or construction achievement at the end of its life cycle, and innovating, upgrading, recycling and reusing the original waste by converting it into resources or re-treating it as a recycling by-product, the cost of construction waste or business waste disposal can be saved in the short term, and new sources of income can be created. In the long run, it can help the social housing and its related furniture and equipment leasing industry to save the cost of raw materials, reducing waste and related pollution emissions.
5. Industrial symbiosis
Gathering different industries in the construction project together to achieve mutual competitive advantage through the exchange and sharing of materials, energy, water or by-products, so as to reduce the impact on the ecology and reduce the cost of waste disposal and product production.
With reference to the promotion of both the internal and external circular economy in construction in various countries, the preliminary consideration of introducing the circular economy into the villa in this case includes leasing without selling, recycling building materials, sharing innovation, flexible modules, and optimizing system and resource reuse in the design of the origin of circular economy. The design principles and concepts are realized in the Qingwan Villa project, including modular light compartments, energy-saving LED lamps, a rainwater recycling system, building intelligent monitoring systems, and furniture and home appliance rental modes.
(3) The realization of the “circular economy” is the foundation for sustainable urban development
It is the current trend for the circular economy to integrate green building and smart building concepts, and introduce building design and implementation architecture. Through the introduction of the circular 3R concepts (reduce, reuse, and recycle) in the architectural design stage, introducing the five major circular economy models (product material redesign, innovative business model with ownership transfer, creating the highest value through internal recycling forces, waste recycling, and industrial symbiosis), and at the same time connect the six ReSOLVE models (“regeneration,” “sharing” “optimization,” “looping,” “virtualization,” and “exchange”) in the aspects of production, ecology and living, and introduce circular economy implementation items into the six models in the overall circular economy planning, so as to enhance the value of circular regeneration and efficient utilization of residential resources, and achieve the goals of sustainable development, industry promotion and a sustainable city.
References
1. Hui-Ren Chiu and Cheng-Han Huang, Feasibility of Applying the European Union Building Material Bank’s Plan to Nangang Public Housing, Construction Information, Issue 435, 2019.
2. Taoyuan Luzhu District A10 Station New Social Housing Entrusted Project Management (Including Supervision) Technical Service Case, Social Housing Circular Economy Development Policy and Financial Evaluation Analysis and Suggestions, Final Report, 2021.
3. Rong-Yao Huang, Construction Circling Economy: the Same Old Issue of Recycling Waste Resources? Construction Information, Issue 436, 2018.
4. Cheng-Li Chan, Cheng-Han Huang, Hui-Ren Chiu, Building Materials Passport Establishment - Taking the Netherlands Pavilion of Taipei Flora Expo as An Example, Construction Information, Issue 435, 2019.
5. Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (2020): CRADLE TO CRADLE CERTIFIED.
6. Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2015): Circularity Indicators: An Approach to Measuring Circularity - methodology.
7. Zhi Cao (2020): The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle.